GM health effects -- a tale of institutionalised corruption (Part 2)
STATE-OF-THE-SCIENCE ON THE HEALTH RISKS OF GM FOODS
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1 Jeffrey M. Smith, Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods, Yes! Books, Fairfield, IA USA 2007
2 Dan Quayle, “Speech in the Indian Treaty Room of the Old Executive Office Building,” May 26, 1992.
3 For copies of FDA memos, see The Alliance for Bio-Integrity, www.biointegrity.org
4 Steven M. Druker, “How the US Food and Drug Administration approved genetically engineered foods despite the deaths one had caused and the warnings of its own scientists about their unique risks,” Alliance for Bio-Integrity, http://www.biointegrity.org/ext-summary.html
5 Louis J. Pribyl, “Biotechnology Draft Document, 2/27/92,” March 6, 1992, www.biointegrity.org http://www.biointegrity.org/FDAdocs/04/view1.html
6 “Statement of Policy: Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties,” Federal Register 57, no. 104 (May 29, 1992): 22991.
7 Linda Kahl, Memo to James Maryanski about Federal Register Document “Statement of Policy: Foods from Genetically Modified Plants,” Alliance for Bio-Integrity(January 8, 1992) http://www.biointegrity.org
8 See for example, “Good Enough To Eat?” New Scientist (February 9, 2002), 7.
9 “Health risks of genetically modified foods,” editorial, Lancet, 29 May 1999.
10 “Elements of Precaution: Recommendations for the Regulation of Food Biotechnology in Canada; An Expert Panel Report on the Future of Food Biotechnology prepared by The Royal Society of Canada at the request of Health Canada Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Environment Canada” The Royal Society of Canada, January 2001.
11 J. R. Latham, et al., “The Mutational Consequences of Plant Transformation,” The Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2006, Article ID 25376: 1-7; see also Allison Wilson, et. al.,“Transformation-induced mutations in transgenic plants: Analysis and biosafety implications,” Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews – Vol. 23, ecember 2006.
12 P. H. Bao, S. Granata, S. Castiglione, G. Wang, C. Giordani, E. Cuzzoni, G. Damiani, C. Bandi, S. K. Datta, K. Datta, I. Potrykus, A. Callegarin and F. Sala, "Evidence for genomic changes in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) recovered from protoplasts" Transgen Res 5 (1996): 97-103.; M. Labra, C. Savini, M. Bracale, N. Pelucchi, L. Colombo, M. Bardini and F. Sala, "Genomic changes in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants produced by infecting calli with Agrobacterium tumefaciens," Plant Cell Rep 20 (2001): 25-330.
13 “Elements of Precaution: Recommendations for the Regulation of Food Biotechnology in Canada; An Expert Panel Report on the Future of Food Biotechnology prepared by The Royal Society of Canada at the request of Health Canada Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Environment Canada” The Royal Society of Canada, January 2001.
14 Edwin J. Mathews, Ph.D., in a memorandum to the Toxicology Section of the Biotechnology Working Group. Subject: Analysis of the Major Plant Toxicants. Dated October 28, 1991 15 Division of Food Chemistry and Technology and Division of Contaminants Chemistry, “Points to Consider for Safety Evaluation of Genetically Modified Foods: Supplemental Information,” November 1, 1991, www.biointegrity.org
16 Division of Food Chemistry and Technology and Division of Contaminants Chemistry, “Points to Consider for Safety Evaluation of Genetically Modified Foods: Supplemental Information,” November 1, 1991, www.biointegrity.org
17 Charles Benbrook, “Genetically Engineered Crops and Pesticide Use in the United States: The First Nine Years”; BioTech InfoNet, Technical Paper Number 7, October 2004 Institute for Responsible Technology ?? P.O. Box 469 ?? Fairfield, IA 52556 ?? USA +1.641.209.1765 ?? info@responsibletechnology.org www.responsibletechnology.org 24
18 Comments for AC21 Ag Biotech Committee Meeting, Center for Food Safety, August 1, 2007
19 Department of Veterinary Medicine, FDA, correspondence June 16, 1993. As quoted in Fred A. Hines, Memo to Dr. Linda Kahl. “Flavr Savr Tomato: . . . Pathology Branch’s Evaluation of Rats with Stomach Lesions From Three Four-Week Oral (Gavage) Toxicity Studies . . . and an Expert Panel’s Report,” Alliance for Bio- Integrity (June 16, 1993) http://www.biointegrity.org/FDAdocs/17/view1.html
20 Robert J. Scheuplein, Memo to the FDA Biotechnology Coordinator and others, “Response to Calgene Amended Petition,” Alliance for Bio-Integrity (October 27, 1993) www.biointegrity.org
21 Carl B. Johnson to Linda Kahl and others, “Flavr Savr™ Tomato: Significance of Pending DHEE Question,” Alliance for Bio-Integrity (December 7, 1993) www.biointegrity.org
22 Arpad Pusztai, “Genetically Modified Foods: Are They a Risk to Human/Animal Health?” June 2001 Action Bioscience www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/pusztai.html
23 Nagui H. Fares, Adel K. El-Sayed, “Fine Structural Changes in the Ileum of Mice Fed on Endotoxin Treated Potatoes and Transgenic Potatoes,” Natural Toxins 6, no. 6 (1998): 219–233.
24 Stanley W. B. Ewen and Arpad Pusztai, “Effect of diets containing
genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on
rat small intestine,” Lancet, 1999 Oct 16; 354 (9187): 1353-4.
25 Arpad Pusztai, “Facts Behind the GM Pea Controversy: Epigenetics,
Transgenic Plants & Risk Assessment,” Proceedings of the Conference,
December 1st 2005 (Frankfurtam Main, Germany: Literaturhaus, 2005).
26 Arpad Pusztai, “Can science give us the tools for recognizing possible health risks of GM food,” Nutrition and Health, 2002, Vol 16 Pp 73-84.
27 John M. Burns, “13-Week Dietary Subchronic Comparison Study with MON 863 Corn in Rats Preceded by a 1-Week Baseline Food Consumption Determination with PMI Certified Rodent Diet #5002,” December 17, 2002 http://www.monsanto.com/pdf/products/fullratstudy863.pdf
28 R. Tudisco, P. Lombardi, F. Bovera, D. d’Angelo, M. I. Cutrignelli, V. Mastellone, V. Terzi, L. Avallone, F. Infascelli,“Genetically Modified Soya Bean in Rabbit Feeding: Detection of DNA Fragments and Evaluation of Metabolic Effects by Enzymatic Analysis,” Animal Science 82 (2006): 193–199.
29 Comments to ANZFA about Applications A346, A362 and A363 from the Food Legislation and Regulation Advisory Group (FLRAG) of the Public Health Association of Australia (PHAA) on behalf of the PHAA, “Food produced from glyphosate-tolerant canola line GT73,” www.iher.org.au/
30 M. Malatesta, C. Caporaloni, S. Gavaudan, M. B. Rocchi, S. Serafini, C. Tiberi, G. Gazzanelli, “Ultrastructural Morphometrical and Immunocytochemical Analyses of Hepatocyte Nuclei from Mice Fed on Genetically Modified Soybean,” Cell Struct Funct. 27 (2002): 173–180
31 Jeffrey M. Smith, Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods, Yes! Books, Fairfield, IA USA 2007
32 Irina Ermakova, “Experimental Evidence of GMO Hazards,” Presentation at Scientists for a GM Free Europe, EU Parliament, Brussels, June 12, 2007
33 Arpad Pusztai, “Can Science Give Us the Tools for Recognizing Possible Health Risks for GM Food?” Nutrition and Health 16 (2002): 73–84.
34 S. Leeson, “The Effect of Glufosinate Resistant Corn on Growth of Male Broiler Chickens,” Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, University of Guelph, Report No. A56379, July 12, 1996.
35 Malatesta, et al, “Ultrastructural Analysis of Pancreatic Acinar Cells from Mice Fed on Genetically modified Soybean,” J Anat. 2002 November; 201(5): 409–415; see also M. Malatesta, M. Biggiogera, E. Manuali, M. B. L. Rocchi, B. Baldelli, G. Gazzanelli, “Fine Structural Analyses of Pancreatic Acinar Cell Nuclei from Mice Fed on GM Soybean,” Eur J Histochem 47 (2003): 385–388. 36 Arpad Pusztai, “Can science give us the tools for recognizing possible health risks of GM food,” Nutrition and Health, 002, Vol 16 Pp 73-84
37 R. Tudisco, P. Lombardi, F. Bovera, D. d’Angelo, M. I. Cutrignelli, V. Mastellone, V. Terzi, L. Avallone, F. Infascelli,“Genetically Modified Soya Bean in Rabbit Feeding: Detection of DNA Fragments and Evaluation of Metabolic Effects by Enzymatic Analysis,” Animal Science 82 (2006): 193–199.
38 John M. Burns, “13-Week Dietary Subchronic Comparison Study with MON 863 Corn in Rats Preceded by a 1-Week Baseline Food Consumption Determination with PMI Certified Rodent Diet #5002,” December 17, 2002 http://www.monsanto.com/pdf/products/fullratstudy863.pdf
39 R. Tudisco, P. Lombardi, F. Bovera, D. d’Angelo, M. I. Cutrignelli, V. Mastellone, V. Terzi, L. Avallone, F. Infascelli,“Genetically Modified Soya Bean in Rabbit Feeding: Detection of DNA Fragments and Evaluation of Metabolic Effects by Enzymatic Analysis,” Animal Science 82 (2006): 193–199. 40 Arpad Pusztai, “Can science give us the tools for recognizing possible health risks of GM food,” Nutrition and Health, 2002, Vol 16 Pp 73-84
41 Irina Ermakova, “Experimental Evidence of GMO Hazards,” Presentation at Scientists for a GM Free Europe, EU Parliament, Brussels, June 12, 2007 42 L. Vecchio et al, “Ultrastructural Analysis of Testes from Mice Fed on Genetically Modified Soybean,” European Journal of Histochemistry 48, no. 4 (Oct–Dec 2004):449–454.
43 Oliveri et al., “Temporary Depression of Transcription in Mouse Pre-implantion Embryos from Mice Fed on Genetically Modified Soybean,” 48th Symposium of the Society for Histochemistry, Lake Maggiore (Italy), September 7–10, 2006.
44 I.V.Ermakova, “Genetically Modified Organisms and Biological Risks,” Proceedings of International Disaster Reduction Conference (IDRC) Davos, Switzerland August 27th – September 1st, 2006: 168–172. 45 Irina Ermakova, “Genetically modified soy leads to the decrease of weight and high mortality of rat pups of the first generation. Preliminary studies,” Ecosinform 1 (2006): 4–9. Institute for Responsible Technology ?? P.O. Box 469 ?? Fairfield, IA 52556 ?? USA +1.641.209.1765 ?? nfo@responsibletechnology.org ?? www.responsibletechnology.org 25
46 Irina Ermakova, “Experimental Evidence of GMO Hazards,” Presentation at Scientists for a GM Free Europe, EU Parliament, Brussels, June 12, 2007 47 I.V.Ermakova “GMO: Life itself intervened into the experiments,” Letter, EcosInform N2 (2006): 3–4.
48 Jeffrey M. Smith, Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods, Yes! Books, Fairfield, IA USA 2007
49 “Mortality in Sheep Flocks after Grazing on Bt Cotton Fields— Warangal District, Andhra Pradesh” Report of the Preliminary Assessment, April 2006, http://www.gmwatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=6494 50 John M. Burns, “13-Week Dietary Subchronic Comparison Study with MON 863 Corn in Rats Preceded by a 1-Week Baseline Food Consumption Determination with PMI Certified Rodent Diet #5002,” December 17, 2002 http://www.monsanto.com/monsanto/content/sci_tech/prod_safety/fullratstudy.pdf, see also Stéphane Foucart,“Controversy Surrounds a GMO,” Le Monde, 14 December 2004; and Jeffrey M. Smith, “Genetically Modified Corn Study Reveals Health Damage and Cover-up,” Spilling the Beans, June 2005, http://www.seedsofdeception.com/Public/Newsletter/June05GMCornHealthDangerExposed/index.cfm
51 Arpad Pusztai, “Can science give us the tools for recognizing possible health risks of GM food,” Nutrition and Health, 2002, Vol 16 Pp 73-84 52 V. E. Prescott, et al, “Transgenic Expression of Bean r-Amylase Inhibitor in Peas Results in Altered Structure and Immunogenicity,” Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry (2005): 53.
53 Yearly food sensitivity assessment of York Laboratory, as reported in Mark Townsend, “Why soya is a hidden destroyer,” Daily Express, March 12, 1999.
54 G. A. Kleter and A. A. C. M. Peijnenburg, “Screening of transgenic proteins expressed in transgenic food crops for the presence of short amino acid sequences indentical to potential, IgE-binding linear epitopes of allergens,” BMC Structural Biology 2 (2002): 8–19.
55 Netherwood et al, “Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract,” Nature Biotechnology 22 (2004): 2.
56 Hye-Yung Yum, Soo-Young Lee, Kyung-Eun Lee, Myung-Hyun Sohn, Kyu-Earn Kim, “Genetically Modified and Wild Soybeans: An immunologic comparison,” Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 26, no. 3 (May–June 2005): 210-216(7).
57 Stephen R. Padgette et al, “The Composition of Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean Seeds Is Equivalent to That of Conventional Soybeans,” The Journal of Nutrition 126, no. 4, (April 1996); including data in the journal archives from the same study; see also A. Pusztai and S. Bardocz, “GMO in animal nutrition: potential benefits and risks,” Chapter 17, Biology of Nutrition in Growing Animals (Elsevier, 2005).
58 Manuela Malatesta, et al, “Ultrastructural Analysis of Pancreatic
Acinar Cells from Mice Fed on Genetically modified Soybean,” Journal
of Anatomy 201, no. 5 (November 2002): 409; see also M. Malatesta, M.
Biggiogera, E. Manuali, M. B. L. Rocchi, B. Baldelli, G. Gazzanelli,“Fine Structural Analyses of Pancreatic Acinar Cell Nuclei from Mice
Fed on GM Soybean,” Eur J Histochem 47 (2003): 385–388.
59 See for example, Scott H. Sicherer et al., “Prevalence of peanut
and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by means of a
random digit dial telephone survey: A 5-year follow-up study,”
Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, March 2003, vol. 112, n
6, 1203-1207); and Ricki Helm et al., “Hypoallergenic Foods—
Soybeans and Peanuts,” Information Systems for Biotechnology News
Report, October 1, 2002.
60 Vazquez et al, "Intragastric and intraperitoneal administration of
Cry1Ac protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis induces systemic and
mucosal antibody responses in mice," Life Sciences, 64, no. 21
(1999): 1897–1912; Vazquez et al, “Characterization of the mucosal
and systemic immune response induced by Cry1Ac protein from Bacillus
thuringiensis HD 73 in mice,” Brazilian Journal of Medical and
Biological Research 33 (2000): 147–155.
61 Vazquez et al, “Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac protoxin is a
potent systemic and mucosal adjuvant,” Scandanavian Journal of
Immunology 49 (1999): 578–584. See also Vazquez-Padron et al., 147
(2000b).
62 Nagui H. Fares, Adel K. El-Sayed, ‘‘Fine Structural Changes in the Ileum of Mice Fed on Endotoxin Treated Potatoes and Transgenic Potatoes,” Natural Toxins 6, no. 6 (1998): 219–233. 63 Washington State Department of Health, “Report of health surveillance activities: Asian gypsy moth control program,” (Olympia, WA: Washington State Dept. of Health, 1993).
64 M. Green, et al., “Public health implications of the microbial pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis: An epidemiological study, Oregon, 1985-86,” Amer. J. Public Health 80, no. 7(1990): 848–852.
65 M.A. Noble, P.D. Riben, and G. J. Cook, “Microbiological and epidemiological surveillance program to monitor the health effects of Foray 48B BTK spray” (Vancouver, B.C.: Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbi, Sep. 30, 1992).
66 A. Edamura, MD, “Affidavit of the Federal Court of Canada, Trial Division. Dale Edwards and Citizens Against Aerial Spraying vs. Her Majesty the Queen, Represented by the Minister of Agriculture,” (May 6, 1993); as reported in Carrie Swadener, “Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.),” Journal of Pesticide Reform, 14, no, 3 (Fall 1994).
67 J. R. Samples, and H. Buettner, “Ocular infection caused by a biological insecticide,” J. Infectious Dis. 148, no. 3 (1983): 614; as reported in Carrie Swadener, “Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.)”, Journal of Pesticide Reform 14, no. 3 (Fall 1994) Institute for Responsible Technology ?? P.O. Box 469 ?? Fairfield, IA 52556 ?? USA +1.641.209.1765 ?? info@responsibletechnology.org ?? www.responsibletechnology.org 26
68 M. Green, et al., “Public health implications of the microbial pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis: An epidemiological study, Oregon, 1985-86,” Amer. J. Public Health, 80, no. 7 (1990): 848–852. 69 A. Edamura, MD, “Affidavit of the Federal Court of Canada, Trial Division. Dale Edwards and Citizens Against Aerial Spraying vs. Her Majesty the Queen, Represented by the Minister of Agriculture,” (May 6, 1993); as reported in Carrie Swadener, “Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.),” Journal of Pesticide Reform, 14, no, 3 (Fall 1994).
70 Carrie Swadener, “Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.),” Journal of Pesticide Reform 14, no. 3 (Fall 1994).
71 Terje Traavik and Jack Heinemann, “Genetic Engineering and Omitted Health Research: Still No Answers to Ageing Questions, 2006. Cited in their quote was: G. Stotzky, “Release, persistence, and biological activity in soil of insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis,” found in Deborah K. Letourneau and Beth E. Burrows, Genetically Engineered Organisms. Assessing Environmental and Human Health Effects (cBoca Raton, FL: CRC Press LLC, 2002), 187–222.
72 See for example, A. Dutton, H. Klein, J. Romeis, and F. Bigler, “Uptake of Bt-toxin by herbivores feeding on transgenic maize and consequences for the predator Chrysoperia carnea,” Ecological Entomology 27 (2002): 441–7; and J. Romeis, A. Dutton, and F. Bigler, “Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (Cry1Ab) has no direct effect on larvae of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae),” Journal of Insect Physiology 50, no. 2– 3 (2004): 175–183.
73 N. Tomlinson of UK MAFF's Joint Food Safety and Standards Group 4, December 1998 letter to the U.S. FDA, commenting on its draft document, “Guidance for Industry: Use of Antibiotic Resistance Marker Genes in Transgenic Plants,” http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/acnfp1998.pdf; (see pages 64–68).
74 Jeffrey M. Smith, “Bt-maize (corn) during pollination, may trigger disease in people living near the cornfield,” Press Release, February 2004, http://www.seedsofdeception.com/Public/AboutGeneticallyModifiedFoods/InhaledGMMaizePollenMayCauseDiseas/index.cfm; and Allen V. Estabillo, “Farmer's group urges ban on planting Bt corn; says it could be cause of illnesses,” Mindanews, October 19, 2004 http://www.seedsofdeception.com/utility/showArticle/? objectID=75
75 Mae-Wan Ho, “GM Ban Long Overdue, Dozens Ill & Five Deaths in the Philippines,” ISIS Press Release, June 2, 2006.
76 Ashish Gupta et. al., “Impact of Bt Cotton on Farmers’ Health (in Barwani and Dhar District of Madhya Pradesh),” Investigation Report, Oct–Dec 2005.
77 Jeffrey M. Smith, Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods, Yes! Books, Fairfield, IA USA 2007
78 E. Ann Clark, “Food Safety of GM Crops in Canada: toxicity and allergenicity,” GE Alert, 2000.
79 FLRAG of the PHAA of behalf of the PHAA, “Comments to ANZFA about Applications A372, A375, A378 and A379.”
80 Judy Carman, “Is GM Food Safe to Eat?” in R. Hindmarsh, G. Lawrence, eds., Recoding Nature Critical Perspectives on Genetic Engineering (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2004): 82–93.
81 Judy Carman, “Is GM Food Safe to Eat?” in R. Hindmarsh, G. Lawrence, eds., Recoding Nature Critical Perspectives on Genetic Engineering (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2004): 82–93.
82 FLRAG, “Comments to ANZFA about Applications A346, A362 and A363,” http://www.iher.org.au/
83 Doug Gurian-Sherman, “Holes in the Biotech Safety Net, FDA Policy Does Not Assure the Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods,” Center for Science in the Public Interest, http://www.cspinet.org/new/ pdf/fda_report__final.pdf
84 Bill Freese, “The StarLink Affair, Submission by Friends of the Earth to the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel considering Assessment of Additional Scientific Information Concerning StarLink Corn,” July 17–19, 2001.
85 FDA Letter, Letter from Alan M. Rulis, Office of Premarket Approval, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA to Dr. Kent Croon, Regulatory Affairs Manager, Monsanto Company, Sept 25, 1996. See Letter for BNF No. 34 at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/biocon.html
86 “Elements of Precaution: Recommendations for the Regulation of Food Biotechnology in Canada; An Expert Panel Report on the Future of Food Biotechnology prepared by The Royal Society of Canada at the request of Health Canada Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Environment Canada” The Royal Society of Canada, January 2001.
87 FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP), Open Meeting, July 17, 2001.
88 Bill Freese, Crop testing, New Scientist, Letter to the Editor,
issue 2530, December 17, 2005
89 M. Cretenet, J. Goven, J. A. Heinemann, B. Moore, and C.
Rodriguez-Beltran, “Submission on the DAR for application A549
Food Derived from High-Lysine Corn LY038: to permit the use in food
of high-lysine corn, 2006, www.inbi.canterbury.ac.nz
90 Marc Lappé and Britt Bailey, “ASA Response,” June 25, 1999, http://cetos.org/articles/asaresponse.html
91 Bill Freese, “The StarLink Affair, Submission by Friends of the Earth to the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel considering Assessment of Additional Scientific Information Concerning StarLink Corn,” July 17-19, 2001
92 Paul P. Groenewegen, Brian W. McBride, John H. Burton, Theodore H.
Elsasser. "Bioactivity of Milk from bST-Treated Cows." J. Nutrition
120, 1990, pp. 514-519
93 Judith C. Juskevich and C. Greg Guyer. "Bovine Growth Hormone:
Human Food Safety Evaluation." Science, vol. 249. August 24, 1990,
pp. 875-884 Institute for Responsible Technology ?? P.O. Box
469 ?? Fairfield, IA 52556 ?? USA +1.641.209.1765 ??
info@responsibletechnology.org ?? www.responsibletechnology.org 27
94 Pete Hardin, “rbGH: Appropriate Studies Haven’t Been Done,”
The Milkweed, July 2000
95 See for example, Doug Gurian-Sherman, “Holes in the Biotech Safety Net, FDA Policy Does Not Assure the Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods,” Center for Science in the Public Interest, http:// www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/fda_report__final.pdf
96 S. R. Padgette, N. B.Taylor, D. L. Nida, M. R. Bailey, J. MacDonald, L. R. Holden, R. L. Fuchs, “The composition of glyphosate-tolerant soybean seeds is equivalent to that of conventional soybeans,” J. Nutr. 126 (1996):702–716.
97 B. G. Hammond, J. L. Vicini, G. F. Hartnell, M. W. Naylor, C. D. Knight, E. H. Robinson, R. L. Fuchs, and S. R. Padgette, “The feeding value of soybeans fed to rats, chickens, catfish, and dairy cattle is not altered by genetic incorporation of glyphosate tolerance,” J. Nutr. 126 (1996): 717–727.
98 A. Pusztai and S. Bardocz, “GMO in animal nutrition: potential
benefits and risks,” Chapter 17, Biology of Nutrition in Growing
Animals (Elsevier, October 2005). earlier
99 Ian F. Pryme and Rolf Lembcke, “In Vivo Studies on Possible
Health Consequences of Genetically Modified Food and Feed—with
Particular Regard to Ingredients Consisting of Genetically Modified
Plan Materials,” Nutrition and Health 17(2003): 1–8.
100 Andreas Rang, et al, “Detection of RNA variants transcribed from the transgene in Roundup Ready soybean,” Eur Food Res Technol 220 (2005): 438–443.
101 Ian F. Pryme and Rolf Lembcke, “In Vivo Studies on Possible Health Consequences of Genetically Modified Food and Feed—with Particular Regard to Ingredients Consisting of Genetically Modified Plan Materials,” Nutrition and Health 17(2003): 1–8.
102 Arpad Pusztai, “Can science give us the tools for recognizing possible health risks of GM food,” Nutrition and Health, 2002, Vol 16 Pp 73-84; Stanley W. B. Ewen and Arpad Pusztai, “Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine,” Lancet, 1999 Oct 16; 354 (9187): 1353-4; Arpad Pusztai, “Genetically Modified Foods: Are They a Risk to Human/Animal Health?” June 2001 Action Bioscience http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/pusztai.html; and A. Pusztai and S. Bardocz, “GMO in animal nutrition: potential benefits and risks,” Chapter 17, Biology of Nutrition in Growing Animals, R. Mosenthin, J. Zentek and T. Zebrowska (Eds.) Elsevier, October 2005
103 V. E. Prescott, et al, ‘‘Transgenic Expression of Bean r- Amylase Inhibitor in Peas Results in Altered Structure and Immunogenicity,’’ Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry (2005): 53.
104 J. Lexchin, L. A. Bero, B. Djulbegovic, and O. Clark, “Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review,” BMJ 326 (2003):1167–1176.
105 Mark Friedberg, et al, “Evaluation of Conflict of Interest in Economic Analyses of New Drugs Used in Oncology,” JAMA 282 (1999): 1453–1457.
106 “Elements of Precaution,” The Royal Society of Canada, January 2001.
107 Friends of the Earth Europe, “Throwing Caution to the Wind: A review of the European Food Safety Authority and its work on genetically modified foods and crops,” November 2004.
108 European Communities submission to World Trade Organization dispute panel, 28 January 2005.
109 EU Regulation 178/2002 (Article 30)
110 Friends of the Earth Europe, “Throwing Caution to the Wind: A review of the European Food Safety Authority and its work on genetically modified foods and crops,” November 2004.
111 “Greenpeace exposes Government-Monsanto nexus to cheat Indian farmers: calls on GEAC to revoke BT cotton permission,” Press release, March 3, 2005, http://www.greenpeace.org/india_en/news/details?item_id=771071
112 Jeffrey M. Smith, Seeds of Deception, (Iowa: Yes! Books, 2003), 224.
113 “Monsanto Bribery Charges in Indonesia by DoJ and USSEC,” Third World Network, Malaysia, Jan 27, 2005, http://www.mindfully.org/ GE/2005/Monsanto-Indonesia-Bribery27jan05.htm
114 Jeffrey M. Smith, Seeds of Deception, Yes! Books, Fairfield, Iowa 2003
115 Karen Charman, The Professor Who Can Read Your Mind, PR Watch Newsletter Fourth Quarter 1999, Volume 6, No. 4
116 http://www.gmwatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=4387
117 Estimates of increased IGF-1 levels vary considerably. In Mepham et al, “Safety of milk from cows treated with bovine somatotropin,” The Lancet 2 (1994):197, IGF-1 levels were up to 10 times higher. The methods used may also underestimate IGF-1 levels considerably. See Samuel S. Epstein, “Unlabeled Milk From Cows Treated With Biosynthetic Growth Hormones: A Case of Regulatory Abdication,” International Journal of Health Services 26(1996): 173–185; and Samuel S. Epstein, What’s In Your Milk? (Victoria, British Columbia, Canada:Trafford Publishing, 2006), 197–204.
118 For a review of literature linking elevated levels of IGF-1 with increased risks of breast, colon and prostate cancers, see Samuel S. Epstein, What’s In Your Milk?, 197–204.
119 Gary Steinman, “Mechanisms of Twinning VII. Effect of Diet and Heredity on the Human Twinning Rate,” Journal of Reproductive Medicine, May 2006; S.E. Echternkamp et al, “Ovarian Follicular Development in Cattle Selected for Twin Ovulations and Births,” Journal of Animal Science 82 no. 2 (2004): 459–471; and S. E. Echternkamp et al, “Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor- I in blood and ovarian follicular fluid of cattle selected for twins,” Biology of Reproduction, 43(1990): 8–14. Institute for Responsible Technology ?? P.O. Box 469 ?? Fairfield, IA 52556 ?? USA +1.641.209.1765 ?? info@responsibletechnology.org ?? www.responsibletechnology.org 28
120 Powell D.A.; Blaine K.; Morris S.; Wilson J., Agronomic and consumer considerations for Bt and conventional sweet-corn, British Food Journal, Volume: 105, Issue: 10, Page: 700-713 (Nov 2003)
121 GM Nation? The findings of the public debate, http:// www.gmnation.org.uk/ut_09/ut_9_6.htm#summary
122 To see the Toronto Star photo in Laidlaw’s book, go to http:// www.gmwatch.org/p1temp.asp?pid=72&page=1
123 Corn Fakes, Private Eye, No. 1194, 28 September-11 October 2007 http://www.gmwatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=8314
124 Tim Lambert, Would you eat wormy corn?, September 7 2007 http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2007/09/would_you_eat_wormy_sweet_corn.php
125 “Genetically modified foods, who knows how safe they are?” CBC News and Current Affairs, September 25, 2006.
126 Mike Zelina, et al., The Health Effects of Genetically Engineered Crops on San Luis Obispo County,” A Citizen Response to the SLO Health Commission GMO Task Force Report, 2006.
127 Bill Lambrecht, Dinner at the New Gene Café, St. Martin's Press, September 2001, pg 139 Photos
128 Stanley W. B. Ewen and Arpad Pusztai, “Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine,” Lancet, 1999 Oct 16; 354 (9187): 1353-4.
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